Muscle Contraction: Molecular and Cellular Physiology

Skeletal muscles are by far the largest organ of the human body, accounting for up to 40%–50% of the body weight. In the past much of our knowledge on muscle contraction and relaxation was obtained from experiments with isolated frog muscle or single muscle fibers stimulated with electric pulses. If a vertically suspended muscle is fixed at the upper end and the lower end is loaded with a weight, the muscle fibers become stretched; however, if they are stimulated with a single electric pulse, the muscle fibers respond with an isotonic twitch, thereby lifting the load and performing mechanical work. If, on the other hand, both ends of the muscle are firmly held, the stimulated muscle fibers cannot shorten, but instead generate force in an isometric contraction. The duration of the twitch may vary, depending on whether fast- or slow-twitch muscle fibers have been used for the experiment. If the stimulation is repeated at short intervals of, say, 50 ms, twitches superimpose and even fuse to a smooth tetanus, developing a force of up to 20–30 N per cm 2 fiber cross-section.

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